The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus

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311

XXVI. — The Ylakhs of Mount Pindvs. By Major Eobeet

Stuaet, C.B., Her Majesty's Consul in Albania.

[Read Nov. 26th, 1867.]

Although no written records exist of tlie origin and early his-
tory of the Pindic Vlakhs, there are fair grounds for believing
that they are descendants of one or more of those tribes which,
in the fifth and several succeeding centuries, were driven from
their homes on the Lower Danube by the incursion of over-
powering hordes from the north and east. Of their progress
westward but little is known, or of the direction they took.
But Chalcondylas observes that in his time they were esta-
bhshed in all the countries lying between Dacia and Mount
Pindus. The time of their arrival in Thessaly is lost in the
obscurity of the middle ages : history, however, records that,
as early as the tenth century, Greece (including Thessaly) was
thickly colonised with mingled tribes of Sclavonic and other
descent, — which tribes, it may be inferred, were subsequently
fused into one people, which, either from identity of pursuits,
or from the preponderating admixture of the Dacian element,
gradually acquired the common name of Vlakhs. If we listen
to their boasted legends of Roman descent, their cradle is to
be sought, not in Dacia Proper, but in Dacia Aureliana, the
name given to the new province in Mcesia, created in the year
270 of the Christian era, when Aurelian, pressed by the Groths
and Vandals, withdrew the Roman colonies, planted by Trajan,
to the south of the Danube, and made that river the north-east
boundary of his empire.

Anna Comnena, writing in the eleventh century, makes
mention of Vlakhic villages in Thessaly ; and Benjamin of
Tudela, describing his progress through Greece, states that,
at Lamia, Vlachia begins, a country inhabited by Vlakhs.
But whence this name of "Vlakh?" Anna Comnena says,
" KoX OTToaoo TOt, vofiaSa ^iov eiXovro /SXa^ov? tovtou? tj kowt]
KoKelv olBe BiaXeKTO'i." We learn from this only to whom
the name was applied, viz., to those who had chosen the
nomade life. But in the present instance it more especially
refers to the Danubian tribes which were at different periods
ejected from their territories, and which flowed in successive
waves through the Byzantine dominions in search of settle-
ments. The application of the term, though serving to de-
note, does not explain its meaning ; and one is not to look for
aid to the Byzantines in etymological difficulties. In Sclavic,
Vlah means pastor; in Magyar, Vloh. A close phonetic re-
semblance would suggest the identity of Vlalch with these

312 E. Stuakt — TJie VlaMs of Mount Pindus.

kindred words ; wMch identity is rendered still more probable
by reference to the pastoral life of the early Vlakhs, and to
their long intercourse with both Sclaves and Magyars. But,
on the other hand, the Vlakhs appeal to their name as a proof
of their Roman, or at least their Italian, descent; for, in
Polish, the Itahans are called Wloch, the Vlakhs, Woloch. In
Hungarian, the respective names are, Olach and Oulach ; and
Wlaschazeme and Wolaschazeme severally express Italy and
Vlachia. The designation of shepherd or pastor may have
specially been given to the descendants of Trajan^s colonies,
and subsequently, by a natural extension of time, to their kin-
dred stock, the Italians. In this way the Vlakh pedigree is
in no wise impeached by tracing their name to the same root
as pastor. Leaving the solution of this question to the learned
in Sclavic dialects, I proceed to observe that the Vlakh colonies
established in Greece were of suiBcient weight to give their
names to their adopted countries. The classic name of Thessaly
was for ages supplanted by that of MeyaXT] BXa^ta, Megale
Blachia, or G-reatBlachia; while MiKpa HXaxM, Mihra Blaehia,
or Little Blachia, designated an extensive district comprising
Acarnania and ^tolia. Is it precisely known, I would ask, at
what time the name of Vallachia was given to the southern
part of ancient Dacia? We now hear no longer of MiKpa
BXa^/a; Thessaly has resumed her ancient title; and the
name ''Ava> BXa;;^/a, Ano Blachia, or Upper Blachia, which,
sixty years ago, indicated the northern part of Pindus, has
dropped into oblivion.

From the earliest notices of the Vlakhs it would appear
that, in the course of their migrations, they always established
their settlements in rugged mountain regions, difficult of
access and easy of defence. Pachymera writes, " to BXa.;^t/coj/
e6vo<; Zv(T')(a>piai'i yaipov," and Benjamin of Tudela (Latin trans-
lation) " Hsec est Vlachise initium, cujus incolse montes inco-
lunt.^' There are sufficient indications, historic or incidental,
by which they may be traced in a circle round the great basin
of Thessaly, skirting or cresting the ring of mountains which
gird that fertile country. The Oambunian heights, and their
counterparts south to the Peneus, were occupied by them.
They were numerous in Dolopia and Phthiotis. I cannot dis-
cover any traces of them on Mount Pelion ; but there is pre-
sumptive evidence that they occupied the fine lands at the
northern base of Mount Ossa, where the plain of Larissa con-
tracts into the vale of Tempo. They were established on the
heights that overlook the Sperchius and the Cephisus, and
thence they penetrated through the mountains westward as
far as the Lower Achelous. In North Thessaly their chief

R. Stuaet — The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus. 813

towns were Larissa and Tricala ; in Dolopia, Kastania, and in
PhtWotiSj Armyro on tte gulf of Volo.

Between Larissa and the vale of Tempe the distance is spaced
at irregular distances by tumuli, of which the present inha-
bitants can give no account. There are several also near
Velestino, the ancient Pherse; and one, called by the Turks
Pilaf Teppe, commands the pass which leads through the
mountains, from the plain of Larissa to the low lands round the
gulf of Yolo. One or two similar mounds are to be seen be-
tween Salonica and the Vardar ; and there are numbers of
them, I have been assured, in Thrace. Those in Thessaly are
of a regular, conical shape, about thirty feet in height, and
very uniform in size and appearance. They follow a given
line, and at distances so judged that they should command a
sight one of the other. Riding one day in Thessaly with a
Polish gentleman of great information and research, we hap-
pened to pass one of these mounds, and on calling his attention
to it, he remarked that it was the same sort of mound that in
the Scythian migrations the leading division used to throw up
to indicate the line of march to the following divisions. Ac-
cording to this explanation one may conclude that the Thes-
salian mounds were erected by the Vlakhs on their first passage
through the country, in conformity with a custom they had
learned from the Scythians in Dacia.

Prom all the above mentioned places the Vlakhs have long
since wholly or in part disappeared. Their head quarters are
now on the heights of Mount Pindus, between Jumerka and
the Haliacmon. Their out-stations dot the northern prolonga-
tion of the mountain as far as Lake Ochrida, and extend east-
ward at long intervals along the Oambunian range as far as the
roots of Mount Olympus.

This collapse of a flourishing people resulted from the loca-
tion of Turkish colonies in Thessaly and Greece, which, follow-
ing De Hammer (lib. vi, 109), took place in 1397 by order of
the Sultan Bajesid. These colonies were gathered from the
western parts of Asia Minor, and the name Koniarides, which
is still applied, though in contempt, to the Turks of Thessaly, in-
dicates Iconium as the place from whence they originally came.*

Although these Turks have long been known as a quiet, in-
offensive people, it may well be believed that on their first
arrival as Timariotes, they were of a different character : at all

* The name, no doubt, ethnically means natives of Iconium, but to the
Greek who uses it it serves to embody a notion of dislike and contempt
which may be paralleled in English, supposing we had a secular aversion
to the Portuguese, by such a term as Zowsitanian for Lusitanian ; from
Kovis, Kivito^, a louse, nit (A. S. hnitu). [S.]

314 R. Stuaet — The VlaJchs of Mount Pinclus.

events tlie Vlaklis retired before tlieiii, and in tlie silence of
history on the subject, and the dimness of tradition, the
obvious inference is that, pressed by superior numbers, and
reduced perhaps to the condition of Helots, they gradually
withdrew from or deserted their settlements, and eventually
took refuge in their present rugged fastnesses, their farther
retreat being stopped by the fear of conflict with the powerful
tribes of Albania. Thus, guided by their mountain instincts,
they were enabled to find a home and safety in regions where
other people would have perished.

This movement most likely extended over a series of gene-
rations, for Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, i, 274, writing
in 1805, inclined to the tradition that the Vlakhs had not
then been settled more than two hundred and fifty years in
Pindus, which would agree very well with the inferences de-
duced from other known probabilities concerning this people.

Having thus hastily traced the course of the Vlakhs to their
present retreats, I now proceed to notice briefly some of their
distinguishing habits, their subdivisions, and their general
condition and character.

Although it is presumable that they are all descended from
the same or nearly the same origin, they were so dispersed in
their first wanderings over Pindus in search of homes, and
have since been kept so much apart by the natural obstacles
to communication, that they have drawn off into separate clans,
severally distinguished by name, pursuits, and even by pre-
tended traditions. With the mass of the Vlakhs tradition is
singularly blank : they sing no songs or tell no stories of their
forefathers'* deeds, and they seem to be ignorant and careless
of their origin. But, with an excusable vanity, some of their
bookmen have endeavoured to fill the void in their history,
and not content with a Romano-Dacian origin, they claim a
direct descent from the Romans themselves. But these book-
men difier among themselves, and depart, all of them, from
historic probability, in tracing the hne of descent. For in-
stance, the Vlakhs of the Aspropotamus, it is pretended, are
descendants from the wreck of Pompey^s army defeated at
PharsaHa. For the Malacassites, it is said that their fore-
fathers came direct from Italy, whence they were banished for
having taken part with the murderers of Pertinax in a.d. 193 j
and the Dassaret Vlakhs, who dwell to the south of Lake
Ochrida, are, according to the same authority, descended from an
Italian or Roman colony planted by an emperor named Maximus
in Taulantia (now Musachia), whence they were subsequently
driven to the mountains by invading hordes from the north.

I notice these legends merely to dismiss them. At the
same time I cannot explain why the Malacassian Vlakhs are

R. Stuaet — The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus.

315

called Bruzzi, or why two of their chief towns should bear the
names of Calabrites and Syraku.* The resemblance of these
names to Brutii^ Calabria, and Syracuse cannot be denied.
But in the absence of all historic light on the subject, any
attempt at elucidation would only end in increased obscurity.

Discarding then the fabulous, and all that may be treated as
recent invention, one is bound at the same time to admit that
the claims of the Pindic Vlakhs to Roman origin are not
merely imaginary. Linguistic affinity furnishes some of the
most unerring clues in ethnological researches ; and the lan-
guage of these Vlakhs, corrupt though it is, and debased with
alloys of Sclavic, Greek, and Turkish, still retains the essential
characteristics of a Latin dialect. The Latin words are less
numerous than in some of the more finished languages
elaborated from the same stock — in part, perhaps, because the
ideas to express are less numerous — but the syntax and in-
flexions of the yerbs stiU conform in a remarkable degree to
the ancient model.

Form of head and cast of features are further helps in
tracing family identity. I have often been struck with Vlakh
heads and faces of unquestionably Roman type and mould.
But this resemblance does not perhaps argue much, as it may
be looked for in every country which was subjugated or colo-
nised by the Romans.

Pouqueville, who studied the statistics and distribution of the
Vlakhs with more attention than any other modern traveller,
classed them as follows in 1815 : —

AxrovLACHiA : —

Malacassites

Aspropotamites

Metzovites

Zagorites

Nomades

BOMEI OB BoviEKS:
Nea Patra
Carpenisi
Zeitoun
Nomades

Dassakets : —
Sedentary
Nomades

Families ...

Families.

... 2,465
... 2,230
... 1,870
... 1,130

... 1,200

8,893

378

981

600

240

2,199

... 2,900

800

3,700

...

14,794

5

Souls

73,970

* All accident. Serahu means poor in Danubian-Wallachian. Kala-

316 R. SttjaeT' — Thu Vlahhs of Mount Pindiis.

I have transcribed the above classification, although it is no
longer applicable to the Pindic Ylakhs ; but it serves to show
their numbers and distribution at a time when their fortunes and
condition were still at their zenith. The name ''Kva ^Xayja,
Ano Blachia, as has already been noticed, has long since fallen
into disuse ; and the Bomooi or Bovians, whose settlements in
^tolia and Acamania, went by the name of Mt/cpa BXa;^('a,
Mihra Blachia, have passed from Grecian into Turkish terri-
tory, and under the name of Sarakatsani* have established
themselves in Agrafa, where Pindus and Othrys unite to form
a barrier between the inhospitable regions of -lEtoHa and the
sea-like plains of Thessal3^

The Albanito-Vlachi must not be forgotten in the enumera-
tion of the Vlakhs. As their name denotes they are of min-
gled blood, and, constituting a distinct clan of some two thou-
sand families, they live in tents and pasture their flocks on the
mountains and valley plains of Kolonia, about the sources of
the Apsus river.

Sixty years ago (Leake i, 274) there were about five hundred
Vlakhiote villages, none very small, dispersed throughout the
mountains of Epirus, Thessaly, and Macedonia. With the
utmost diligence, I believe, it would now be difficult to reckon
up half that number ; and Pouqueville's 74,000 Vlakhs have
dwindled in the present day to 45,000 at the outside.

The transition from the pastoral to the agricultural life is
slow and against the grain ; — to the mercantile, on the contrary,
easy, and, I may say, of natural sequence. Once a nomade
people settles down, the possession of flocks is, of itself, sug-
gestive of industry and manufactures, without which, milk,
wool, hair, and skins would either be perishable or be limited
in value to the price of the raw article. To the Vlakhs in-
dustry and trade were rendered all the more necessary, because
in their mountain retreats there was not pasture sufficient for
their flocks, nor cultivable land sufficient to supply them with
bread. Moreover, in the long imprisonment of winter, when
for months the deep-lying snow cut ofl" all communication
with the outer world, the Vlakh, accustomed to movement and
activity, must needs find employment — a state of utter idleness
would have been intolerable to him — and employment, to be
attractive, must be useful or profitable. Accordingly we find
that in the beginning of the present century, most of the chief

brites should be kalarites — KaKappirais, Bruzzi is unknown to me. It would
be the regular Wallachian plural of brutw, if that word exist in the lan-
guage.

* Prom Saraketsi, one of their former villages in Aearnania.

E. Stuaet — Tlie Vlakhs of Mount Pindus. 317

towns of the Vlakhs were flourishing centres of commerce and
industry in their several cantons. Those chief towns were
then, as well as now — Vlakho-Livadhi, near Mount Olympus ;
Voskopolis of the Dessarets ; Metzovo and the twin bourgad.es,
Syraku and Oalabrites ; all these places merit separate notice,
and inverting their order I begin with the last.

Pouqueville had no historic authority for stating that Oala-
brites dates from the beginning of the thirteenth century.
All that is known of its commencement is from tradition ; and
tradition, which always plays loosely with dates, is in this case
peculiarly liable to suspicion, from the well known vanity of
the educated Vlakhs, who would certainly strive to add local an-
tiquity to their other claims to admiration. These same gentle-
men pretend that the name Oalabrites derives from Calabria,
and not from HaXijSpvaK, Oalehnjsis (good fountain). The
abundance of delicious water with which the place is supplied
would certainly suggest and justify the latter derivation. But
whatever may be the etymology of the name, Oalabrites is
situated on the southern slope of Mount Polyanos, at the foot
of a bare treeless declivity called padoure mare in Vlakh,
" the great forest ;•" whence it would appear that this de-
clivity was originally thickly wooded, like other parts of the
mountain, but in course of time was stripped of its clothing by
the ruinous process of burning and felling timber which is still
in unchecked operation throughout the Ottoman dominions.
In the beginning of the present century Oalabrites counted
nearly six hundred families, and presented an aspect of pros-
perity, order, and progress, that contrasted strongly with its
desolate situation. This state of things was the result of a
long course of industry and enterprise, to which the inhabitants
had early devoted themselves, partly led by their own innate
energy, partly constrained by the necessities of the place.
Their industrious habits brought them into intercourse with
their neighbours, amongst whom they sought purchasers for
their wares and produce. By degrees they opened a trade
with Arta and other towns, their woollen manufactures and
fabrics in goat skins got into demand, and they acquired a name
for the (pXoKara, phlocata, still in general wear in these parts,
and for the rough cappa,* which is in demand, not only through-
out Albania, but with the mariners of the Adriatic and as far as
Italy and Spain. Gradually extending their relations, towards
the middle of last century the Pindic Vlakhs had won for
themselves a place amongst the foremost merchants of the
Levant; they had counting-houses at all the chief ports of

* More commonly known in English as a grego.

318 R. Stuabt — The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus.

Italy, and as far as Cadiz, Vienna, Constantinople, and Mos-
kow. Their foreign trade was carried on under the French
flag in Greek vessels ; and the shippers of Galaxidhi were
their chief carriers. At this time they had acquired consider-
able skill as gold, silver, and copper-smiths. The Albanians
resorted to them for their highly wrought gun and pistol
stocks, for sword handles, yataghan sheaths, cartouoh boxes,
and for the large clasps and other ornaments worn by their
women. The manufacture of these articles is still a speciality
of the Vlakhs in Bpirus, and their skill as silversmiths has
lately been stimulated by the large and increasing demand for
the beautiful ornament known as " the Janina clasp" in the
fashionable circles of England, France, and Italy.

But the Vlakhs were at this time something more than mere
artizans, mechanics, and traders. A taste for letters had
grown up amongst them ; choice collections of books were to
be found in their houses ; intercourse with strangers had
rendered many of them good linguists;* and as their commercial
interests obliged them to study foreign movements with refer-
ence to the course of trade, they were consequently well versed
in European politics, and could calculate the chances of ex-
change, and the rise and fall of the funds in the various markets
of Europe. The rule of their domestic life was order, cleanli-
ness, and decency j their houses were commodious and were
strongly built, to resist the elemental strife of their wintry re-
gions; the community was administered by a municipal council,
which framed regulations and assessed taxes independently of
all government interference. This privilege of self-government
had been secured at an early date by the foresight of the
Vlakhs of Aspropotamus and Malacass, who, dreading Turkish
law and the arbitrary rule of an irresponsible provincial go-
vernor, succeeded in placing themselves under the immediate
protection of the Valide- Sultan, into whose private chest they
annually paid the sum of 2,000 piastresf in quit of all govern-
ment imposts.

Under this system of self-government, the Calabritiotes
arrived at the state of progress and prosperity in which we
find them in the early part of the current century. It was then
that their fortunes began to wane ; an evil eye had long been
fastened on them ; their wealth and independence had provoked
the cupidity and the enmity of Ali Pasha Tepeleni. By com-
bined action the Pindic Vlakhs might have resisted that op-

* It should be mentioned that their literary language and culture were
Greek, their own language remaining merely oral and uncultivated,
t J168. The piastre was at that time worth about Is. id.

R. Stuart — Tlie VlalAs of Mount Pindus. 819

pressor's power^ but the pursuits of peaceful commerce had
softened their character. They no longer possessed the martial
spirit of their nomade fathers ; for notwithstanding the strength
of their mountain positions, they made no resistance to the
spoiler, but meekly resigned their privileges into his hands,
and submitted to the exactions he imposed on them. Appeals
to their protectress were in vain ; indeed, the Pasha contrived
to keep her majesty in good humour by carefully respecting
her rights, and her annuity was regularly remitted until the
standard of revolt was raised in Epirus, and all imperial rights
in the province were for a time confiscated.

In 1806 the Calabritiotes were assessed at 45,000 piastres*
a-year, and their debt had grown to 150,000 piastres.f for
which they were paying 15 per cent, interest. Against these
formidable difiiculties they patiently struggled until 1815, when
a commercial crisis supervening, their embarrassments reached
the culminating point, and they succumbed beneath them. It
would appear that, tempted by the opportunities arising out ot
the continental war, they had engaged in speculations to the
utmost tension of their capital and credit. These speculations
presupposed a longer continuance of the war, and consequently
failed on the return of peace.

From that time the Calabritiotes have withdrawn from the
wider fields of commerce, and contracting their operations to
their available means, they have dwindled down to manufacturers
of coarse cloth, to small retailers, and humble tradesmen.
Their flocks are tended by paid shepherds chosen from the
poor of their own community, and their wives and daughters
cultivate their scanty lands. Their municipal debt is still
owing, and will never be paid; for, after the crash of 1815,{
all those who possessed anything fled the country never to
return, and but little was to be got from the paupers who
remained. Calabrites obligations became therefore waste
paper, and many of them are still to be found in Janina, pre-
served by the descendants of the original holders.

But Calabrites had not yet drained the cup of misfortune.
In 1821, when Janina was besieged by the imperial forces,
many of the wealthier inhabitants escaped with their money
and valuables to Calabrites and Syraku, where they hoped to
find shelter until the storm was over. The besiegers were
furious on hearing of the removal of so much of their expected
booty ; a charge of treasonable conspiracy was trumped up
against the fugitives and their protectors ; a force was detached

* ^3,000. + £10,000. At this date the piastre was worth Is. 4d.

t Between forty and fifty families went at this time and settled in Zante.

320 E. Stuart— T/ie Vlahhs of Mount Pindus.

against thenij and Calabrites and Syrabu were plundered,
sacked, and burnt. All the vestiges of former prosperity were
destroyed ; the archives and collections of books were tossed
into the flames, and nothing was left but piles of ruins to mark
the sites of these once flourishing towns. Their names, how-
ever, are not lost. The inhabitants who fled on the approach
of the enemy, returned on his departure; they must needs
provide themselves with houses ; their local attachments were
strong ; the materials were in situ ; and on the ruins of their
former homes they built as many KaXvSai, ccdyhce, as they
needed, and to the aggregates fondly gave the old names.

In 1820 Calabrites numbered five hundred and thirty houses
and Syraku five hundred; the latest census gives to the former
one hundred and twenty-eight,* to the latter one hundred and
forty-eight.* But the first was sparkling, bright, and gay,
grouped into fairy cities that startled the traveller in those
mountain solitudes. The present villages are modest enough,
and yet one does not come upon them without surprise, so
dreary and inhospitable is the surrounding scenery.

Below Calabrites, on the banks of the river that rushes by
the foot of the slope, are the scattered remains of an ancient
Hellenic town. Some years ago a tomb was discovered among
the ruins, and was opened by the villagers, who found in it
some silver coins and a short sword blade. The coins were
sold to a Vlakh silversmith, who melted them down ; and the
sword blade to a gipsy blacksmith, who turned it into horse-
shoe nails. There is reason to believe that ancient coins used
to be found in considerable quantities in this country, but they
were all, or most of them, at once consigned to the crucible,
and other antiquities were valued and treated merely as old
material.

The story of Calabrites is, with slight variation, the story of
all or most of the chief towns of the Western Vlakhs. Vosko-
polis of the Dessarets was founded some time in the latter part
of the fifteenth century, and at the beginning of the eighteenth
was a flourishing city, with its printing-press, manufactures,
foreign trade, and, according to some accounts, from eight to
ten thousand houses. Nothing remains of it now but a couple
of hundred poor houses inhabited by small retailers, and re-
sorted to chiefly by shepherds. Mussulman envy could not
tolerate its prosperity, and Mussulman violence accomplished
its ruin. From a flourishing emporium at the beginning of
the eighteenth century, it was at the beginning of the nine-
teenth what it still is, a poor hamlet in the midst of the wreck
and ruins of its former prosperity.

* Somewhat increased since.

R. Stuart — TJie Ylahhs of Mount Pindus. 321

VlakholivadhOj the chief town of the Cambunian Vlakhs,
seems to have escaped the spoiler's hand. It is still a thriving
village of some nine hundred houses, and is known in the
neighbouring markets for the coarse cloths of which capes and
flocatas are made.

Metzovo calls for more extended notice. This town, for it
really deserves the name, was, according to Pouqueville,
founded by a Vlakh colony as early as the tenth century. Fol-
lowing the same author, it contained in 1815 1,100 houses;
Leake in 1805 set down the number at seven hundred; a more
recent unofficial return, at eight hundred and fifty-four; and
two years ago I was myself informed by the mudir of the place
that the number then was seven hundred and seventy.

The name Metzovo, if derived, as some pretend, from M.ea-a>
^ovpcov, Meso houtwn, (in the midst of the mountains), aptly
suits a place situated in the midst of the lofty heights that
group round the northern extremity of Pindus. Here, on the
opposite flanks of a profound ravine, through which flows the
Pindic branch of the Arta river, are the two mahalls into which
Metzovo is divided ; the one Upocr^Xiov, Proselion, is on the
right bank, the other, Avrjkiov, Anelion, is on the left; the
first contains six hundred and seventy houses, the second one
hundred.

Metzovo is on the great highway between Thessaly and
Epirus, one and a quarter hour distant from the tpyo<;, Zygos,
of Lacmon ; its position must, therefore, have at all times as-
sured to it considerable importance, not only as a commanding
stronghold, but as a suitable halting-place for the carrying trade.
We accordingly find that Metzovo has always occupied an
important place in the modern annals of Epirus, and it is now
the chief town of the Pindic Vlakhs. Leake states that like
Oalabrites and Syraku, it had secured the special protection of
the Valide Sultan — such might have been the case ; yet I can-
not refrain from relating the popular story which attributes the
rise and progress of Metzovo to the following romantic episode.

In the early part of the sixteenth century, a grand vizier,
having incurred the displeasure of his master, fled from Con-
stantinople, and found refuge in the hut of a Vlakh shepherd of
Metzovo. After a few months the tidings of his recall to favour
and to the grand vizierite reached him in his concealment. He
returned to Constantinople, and his first thought, on being rein-
stated in power, was to reward the benefactor by whom he had
been sheltered when in disgrace. At his invitation, the shep-
herd proceeded to Constantinople, and was rewarded with an
Imperial firman, which guaranteed the following privileges to
his native place.

VOL. VI. Y

322 R. Stuart — The Vlahhs of Mount Pindus.

I. That certain specified pastures situated in Macedonia,
Thessaly and Epirus, should belong in perpetuo to the commu-
nity of Metzovo.

II. That no Mussulman should settle within the borders of
the community.

III. That the community should pay a fixed sum annually in
lieu of all government dues.

IV. That their territory should be an inviolable asylum.

V. That all Mussulmans passing through their territory
should regard the ground as sacred, and on quitting it should
scrape their horse's hoofs, so as not to take away with them
a particle of Metzovo soil.

VI. That their ecclesiastical afiairs should be administered by
a special exarch from the patriarch.

VII. That in civil matters they should be subject to the nom-
arch of Buripus in the Eubcea ; and in judicial matters to the
cadi of Livadia in Bceotia.

This last article, by placing the revising authorities at a dis-
tance, was intended to discourage appeals against their own
municipal decisions.

These comprehensive privileges were extended to all the
dependencies of Metzovo, which were then limited to four vil-
lages, situated within a circle of about three hours in dia-
meter.

"Se non e vero ^ ben trovato." The story is at least a pretty
one ; but it is believed by many and fondly cherished by local
vanity. In partial corroboration of it I may mention, that* in
1515 Sinan Pasha, grand vizier of Selim I, fell into disgrace,
fled from Constantinople, and remained perdu in some unknown
retreat until recalled to favour and vizierial dignity.

Admitting under reserve the truth of the story, it would
follow that the privileged ground of Metzovo, notwithstanding
its rugged character, and the rigour of the climate, soon be-
came a centre of attraction, and from a scattered hamlet rapidly
grew into a flourishing town in which Vlakh industry and
manufactures were stimulated to their fullest development.
The inhabitants became wealthy flockmasters : they mono-
polised the carrier trade over Pindus, and rivalled the people
of Calabrites and Voskopolis in woollen manufactures : with
few interruptions they continued in the enjoyment of their
privileges until the close of the last century, when Ali Pasha,
setting at nought Imperial grants and prescriptive rights, de-
stroyed their charter, annulled their prerogatives and immunities,
and reduced them to the common level of their neighbours.

* De Hammer, vol. i, lib. xxiii, p. 426.

R. Stuart — The Vlahhs of Mount Pindus. 323

Whether or not all this is to be believed, Metzovo is now a
thriving place. With its five dependent villages it contains
about 1,200 families, of whom some are shepherds, some me-
chanics ; but by far the greater number of the men are carriers,
who, in the exercise of their calling, traverse every part of
Thessaly, Epirus, and Macedonia. They are chiefly dependent
for horses and mules upon their cousins of Zagori, who are well
known at all the cattle fairs of Western Turkey, and extend
their dealings as far as Bosnia, Servia, and Salonica.

A good many Metzovites resort to foreign countries as mer-
chants. Of those who have acquired wealth several have made
gifts or bequests to the community for charitable or educational
purposes, which yield in the aggregate about £1000 a-year.
With this sum, if fairly and judiciously employed, much good
might be done ; but it is to be feared that the Vlakhs, nowa-
days at least, offer no exception to the general character of
municipal trustees in this country.

It is believed that the Vlakhs were pagans on their first
arrival in Greece and Thessaly : at what time they embraced
Christianity has not, that I am aware of, been determined.
But for several centuries they have been staunch in their ad-
herence to the Eastern church. Unlike their Albanian neigh-
bours they have resisted the allurements of apostasy to the
Moslem creed ; and, though well fitted to enter the lists of
ambition, they have preferred the cross and humility to the
crescent with all its attendant honours. I can find no records
of Vlakhs having risen to high posts in the Ottoman state, but
many of them have become eminent as dignitaries of the
eastern church, and have otherwise distinguished themselves
in the narrow field open to Christians in Turkey.

Metzovo was formerly in the diocese of Meteora ; it is now,
with Calabrites and Syraku, included in the archbishopric of
Janina. The southern Dessarets are subject to the Bishop of
Grreveno, the northern to the Bishop of Berat.

The Vlakh country is well dotted with monasteries. There
are seven in the Jumerka district; the same number in Mala-
cassia, including the monastery of Cossovitsa, about eight hours
from Janina, on the road to Metzovo, where there is an annual
fair of three days, beginning on the 15th of August, old style.
The monasteries in the northern Vlakh districts are not less
numerous than those in the south.

The sedentary Vlakhs seem to be fully sensible of the advan-
tages of education. In every central village a school is main-
tained at the expense of the community. The course of in-
struction embraces modem Greek, reading, writing, and the
first rules of arithmetic. As regards Greek, in the towns and

324 E. Stuaet — The Vlahhs of Mount Pindus.

large villages it has almost quite superseded the native dialect ;
it is gradually gaining ground in the remote villages, and it is
quite familiar to those nomades who in winter descend with
their flocks to Greek-speaking districts. The KX^aviro^Xay^oi,
Albanitohlachi, speak a corrupt patois of mingled Greek, Vlakh,
and Albanian, or rather, perhaps, of Vlakh and Albanian, and
their common appellation of KOvr^o^tKayoi, cuhoblachi (lame
Vlakhs), has reference, not to any defect oiF limb, but to the
uncouth stumbling jargon in which they express themselves.
The educated Vlakh is almost invariably distinguished by the
grammatical accuracy and correct pronunciation with which he
speaks Greek.

The solicitude of the Vlakhs in respect to education is still
unhappily confined to the male sex. The Vlakh woman is
treated as an inferior being, and from early years she is habit-
uated to drudgery and toil. By her all the out-door work is
performed of gardening, tillage, sowing, reaping, carrying,
storing, etc.; she must go to the distant forest, cut her load of
wood, sixty or seventy pounds weight, and fetch it home as
best she can, over miles of breakneck country. All the house-
hold work devolves upon her, in addition to which she must
spin, knit, and weave. I know not if the poor toil-worn crea-
ture has sensibility enough to be proud of her handywork, for
her blankets, rugs, stockings, cloths and carpets, are superior
to all others made in the country.

The Vlakh woman is naturally handsome and robust, but
her beauty is marred by early toil ; she soon becomes coarse,
and hard usage anticipates the effects of old age. Having no
idea of existence without labour, when the season precludes
work at home, she seeks it elsewhere, not as an in-door ser-
vant, but as a ready hand for rough, out of door jobs of every
kind. Numbers of Vlakh women come every autumn to Janina,
where they contend with the Jews as street porters.

The aptitude of the Vlakhs for industrial pursuits has already
been adverted to. I would only add that they are generally in
good repute as carpenters, builders, and masons. The best
sarukhas, or country shoes, are made by them. They endea-
voured to rival the Greeks of Janina in embroidery, and they
imitate, but do not equal, the Konitziotes in wood sculpture.

The Vlakhs are plain in dress ; many of those who are in
easy circumstances have adopted the western fashion ; for
with them, as with most others in Turkey, the " frock coat and
trowsers''' style is regarded as the emblem of Frank civilisation.
But the common dress consists of a shirt and loose breeches
of coarse white woollen cloth, a black sleeveless tunic, and the
heavy goat's hair hapfa, which is an ample protection against

R. Stuart — The Vlakhs of Mount Pindus. 325

wet and cold^ and, winter and summer, is the only covering at
night. A whitisli conical felt cap and sarouhhas, or else san-
dals of untanned hide, complete the dress. The better sort of
persons, who retain the old-fashioned dress, replace the felt
cap with a red fez, and indulge their tastes in shirts of better
material and workmanship, in tight-fitting gaiters, and in a
more expensive kind of tunic. The shepherds, from the dark
colour of their capes, are commonly called KapayovvlSe'i, cara-
gunides ; let me here add that they are also named •jrlaTiKO'i,
fisticus, from their known fidelity.*

The dress of the women is coarse, plain, and unbecoming in
the extreme. It is said that in former times they were re-
stricted by sumptuary laws from everything in the way of or-
nament or variety. As it is, their clothing is of the same
material as that of the men, and in cut differs from it only in
a scant petticoat, open half way up the sides to admit of free-
dom in walking. The gayest part of the dress are the stock-
ings, which are of worsted, curiously wrought in horizontal
stripes of different colours. Their only ornament is a Kafiipi,
cameri, or waist clasp, which is generally of imitation silver, and
is sometimes extravagantly large, and on festal occasions the
young unmarried women are allowed to decorate their heads
with as many coins as they can procure.

Like all other pastoral tribes the Vlakhs have their music ;
and their favourite instrument is a pipe, (pXojipa, phlogera, made
fi'om the wing bone of the vulture. This pipe is open at both
ends, and is pierced with six holes, all on the same side ; it has
no mouthpiece, and for an unpractised person is very difficult to
fill. The player inserts the end into the side of the mouth,
and produces notes which may be varied from sharp and shrill
to soft and pleasing. The nomade Scythians of old used to
play on a similar instrument. Its wild, irregular music seems
to belong to antiquity ; and, heard amid the shady solitudes of
Pindus, it recalls the hoary times of dryad, faun, and satyr.

Amongst the various nationalities of Epirus, I consider the
Vlakhs entitled to the foremost place. If inferior to the Greeks
in 'cuteness, they are their masters in foresight, perseverance,
and application. Reverting to their antecedents, a change of
circumstances wrought a corresponding change in their pur-
suits, and by diverting their energies into new channels, re-
modelled their character, and converted the wandering barba-
rian into a peaceful citizen. But the lineaments of the old
Vlakh are not yet lost among his nomade descendants : though

* Not from any special fidelity. nwTiKbs, or "confidential man" is,
next to tchoban, the common Greek word for shepherd nowadays. [8.]

326 R. Stuaet— T/ie Vlakhs of Mount Pindus.

quiet and inoffensive as a rule, when roused to action they
give proofs of great daring and enterprise. In physical strength,
and patience of fatigue they are second to none ; they are much
feared as brigands ; and in estimating the chances of a struggle
in these parts, the m.ountaineers of Agrafa figure conspicuously
in the account.

Of the future of these tribes it would be difficult, in the
present state of things, to hazard a prophecy. There are
forms of government which tend to perpetuate disunion and
conditions of society which are opposed to the fusion of different
races. Where such is the case an exclusive jealousy recipro-
cally prevails, and progress and civilisation are checked in
their growth. But should the ardent aspirations of the Pindic
Vlakh ever be realised, should he ever know the blessings of
enlightened government, the invigorating influence of well-
balanced freedom, the stimulus of encouragement, the assu-
rance of impartial law and the confidence of protecting justice ;
should he ever be placed in this happy condition, he cannot
fail, in the development and well-directed exercise of his attested
energies, to attain a forward place in the pursuits of civilised
life.

SUPPLEMENT.

The Ylakh shepherds are of two classes, namely, the hired
shepherd and the nomade, who is an independent flockmaster.
The Albanito Vlakhs are all nomades, and dwell in tents. The
hired shepherds belong respectively to the communities that
employ them. An active man of this class can look after as
many as three hundred sheep. He is paid sometimes in money,
sometimes by a share in the flock. When in money, besides
a daily ration of bread, or an equivalent allowance, he receives
two piastres (fourpence) a head for the period of his contract
when it is for six months, and in proportion for a longer or
shorter term.

In summer the shepherds wander with their charges over
the mountains, keeping each within prescribed bounds. Early
in October they begin their gradual migration to the plains,
descending from level to level as urged on by the increasing
cold behind them. Those of Calabrites and its dependencies
make for the coast pastures opposite to Corfu ; those of Met-
zovo and Aspropotamus to the plains of Tricalla ,; those of
Zagori to the plain of Arta ; while the southern Dessarets de-
scend to the valley of the upper Vistritza (Haliacmon), and the
nerthern to the plains about Kortza and the upper Devol. In
these migrations the shepherds are accompanied by their lares
and penates, by their wives, families and priests, and by num-

R. Stuaet — The Vlakhs of Mount Pinckis.

827

bers of large dogs, commonly called molossian, although, that
celebrated race is, I believe, to be found in its purity only with
the Dessarets about Mount Smokka. In May commences the

return to the mountains.

A FEW VLAKH WORDS.

Enqlish.

Vlakh.

English,

Vlahh.

God

Dhomne-z6u

Dog

kanfe

The sun

soare-le

Ox

boii

The moon

luna

Month

messa

Heat

kaloare

Son

chiliu (filium)

Rain

ploaie

Daughter

chilia (filia)

Suow

niao

Tongue

limba

Man

omu

Woman

muliara

I do

faccu

Hand

m'ana

Thou doest

fatsi

Blood

ssindza

He does

fats6

Head

kapu

We do

fatsiamu

Sheep

oae

Ye do

fatsetse

Horse

kallu

They do

fatsou